The achievement, which some scientists believed was a biological impossibility, was expected to lead to new cancer therapies, improvements in agriculture and in the production of pharmaceutical drugs. Share this twitter print pocket email facebook.
Jul 9, Independent UK By Steve Connor, Science Editor July 6, Scientists have found potentially definitive evidence that cloning is far too unsafe to be used in human reproduction, should it ever be viewed as ethically acceptable in the future. Press Podcast. Production of cloned goats after nuclear transfer using adult somatic cells. Winger, Q. Genetic reprogramming of lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and phosphofructokinase mRNA in bovine nuclear transfer embryos produced using bovine fibroblast cell nuclei.
Vanstekelenburghamers, A. Stage-specific appearance of the mouse antigen Tec-3 in normal and nuclear transfer bovine embryos — reexpression after nuclear transfer. Koo, D. Developmental potential and transgene expression of porcine nuclear transfer embryos using somatic cells.
Committee of scientists for safe and responsible therapeutic human cloning. Braude, P. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Niemann, H. Alterations of expression of developmentally important genes in preimplantation bovine embryos by in vitro culture conditions: implications for subsequent development. Theriogenology 53 , 21—34 Cezar, G. Genome-wide epigenetic alterations in cloned bovine fetuses. Humphreys, D. Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived from embryonic stem cell and cumulus cell nuclei.
USA 99 , — Effects of culture system and protein supplementation on mRNA expression in pre-implantation bovine embryos. Nagy, A. Derivation of completely cell culture-derived mice from early-passage embryonic stem-cells.
USA 90 , — Brambrink, T. Biotechniques 33 , — Balog, R. Parallel assessment of CpG methylation by two-color hybridization with oligonucleotide arrays.
Pritchard, C. Project normal: defining normal variance in mouse gene expression. The studies described in this paper helped to define the baseline level of variability in mouse gene expression and emphasize the importance of replicate microarray experiments. Evans, W. Pharmacogenomics: translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics.
Differentiation of embryonic stem cell lines generated from adult somatic cells by nuclear transfer. Rideout, W. Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy. Cell , 17—27 Zwaka, T. Homologous recombination in human embryonic stem cells. Hochedlinger, K. Mechanisms of disease: nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells, and the potential for cell therapy.
Parthenogenetic stem cells in nonhuman primates. Munsie, M. Isolation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells from reprogrammed adult mouse somatic cell nuclei.
Cloning of male mice from adult tail-tip cells. Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. Plass, C. DNA methylation, imprinting and cancer. Zakhartchenko, V. Adult cloning in cattle: potential of nuclei from a permanent cell line and from primary cultures.
Wells, D. Production of cloned calves following nuclear transfer with cultured adult mural granulosa cells. Shiga, K. Production of calves by transfer of nuclei from cultured somatic cells obtained from Japanese black bulls. Theriogenology 52 , — Polejaeva, I. Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells.
Nature , 86—90 Clinical and pathologic features of cloned transgenic calves and fetuses 13 case studies. Theriogenology 51 , — Lai, L.
Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Ogonuki, O. Early death of mice cloned from somatic cells. McCreath, K. Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. Kato, Y. Cloning of calves from various somatic cell types of male and female adult, newborn and fetal cows. Denning, C. Renard, J. Lymphoid hypoplasia and somatic cloning. Lancet , — Kishi, M. Nuclear transfer in cattle using colostrum-derived mammary gland epithelial, cells and ear-derived fibroblast cells.
Theriogenology 54 , — Development rates of male bovine nuclear transfer embryos derived from adult and fetal cells. Inui, A. Obesity — a chronic health problem in cloned mice? Almost all scientists agree this makes cloning humans far too dangerous to contemplate, but many hope to develop the therapeutic uses of cloning. A few groups already claim to have harvested ESCs from cloned human embryos, though those results are not yet widely accepted.
But when cloned human ESCs become available, Wilmut says researchers need to realise they might also pose a risk to patients. For instance, gene activity in many animal clones is abnormal. So tissues created from cloned ESCs may also function abnormally, potentially triggering cancers or other diseases. Little is currently known about what causes these problems with gene expression, because researchers have focused on creating and studying the few healthy animals created.
Dr Yanagimachi was hailed in when he led a team of American, Japanese, Italian and British scientists who succeeded in producing a colony of 22 cloned mice. The achievement, which some scientists believed was a biological impossibility, was expected to lead to new cancer therapies, improvements in agriculture and in the production of pharmaceutical drugs.
Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later?
Start your Independent Premium subscription today. Already subscribed?
0コメント