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The middle-western part, viewed by some as the "Great American Desert," was thought uninhabitable. Thomas Jefferson and those who followed him envisioned an "Indian colonization zone" or permanent Indian frontier, in a north-south tier on the west bank of the Mississippi.
Many people advocated this approach to "the Indian problem. Whites would live east of the river, Indians west of it. One vocal advocate of a trans-Mississippi Indian zone was Baptist missionary Isaac McCoy, who believed that eventually the region should become a formal territory, with government and laws, for all Indians.
The concept of an Indian zone solidified during the administration of Pres. John Quincy Adams and later developed fully under the direction of Pres. Andrew Jackson. A region conceived as "the Indian country" was specified in as all the land lying west of the Mississippi. Eventually, the Indian country or the Indian Territory would encompass the present states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and part of Iowa. In actuality, the Indian Removal process had begun by treaties soon after In addition, many tribes simply fled westward as the line of white settlement advanced toward and then across the Mississippi River.
Some of the Cherokee, for example, had begun moving west in the s, with large migrations into west-central Arkansas in into a region they had exchanged for land in the Southeast. Shortly before the Cherokee treaty came "Lovely's Purchase" in , and an Osage treaty theoretically cleared northeastern Oklahoma and added the land to the public domain.
In the Choctaw agreed to accept land between the Arkansas and Canadian rivers and the Red River, in present Oklahoma. Meanwhile, whites also crossed the Mississippi and began to occupy a wide strip running north-south along its west side.
Soon thickly populated, Missouri became a state in and Arkansas a territory in
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